.\"	$NetBSD: getnameinfo.3,v 1.45 2024/09/10 04:43:39 rillig Exp $
.\"	$KAME: getnameinfo.3,v 1.37 2005/01/05 03:23:05 itojun Exp $
.\"	$OpenBSD: getnameinfo.3,v 1.36 2004/12/21 09:48:20 jmc Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (C) 2004  Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
.\" Copyright (C) 2000, 2001  Internet Software Consortium.
.\"
.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
.\"
.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
.\" REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
.\" AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
.\" INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
.\" LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
.\" OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
.\" PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
.\"
.Dd February 15, 2024
.Dt GETNAMEINFO 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm getnameinfo
.Nd socket address structure to hostname and service name
.
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In netdb.h
.
.Ft int
.Fo getnameinfo
.Fa "const struct sockaddr * restrict sa"
.Fa "socklen_t salen"
.Fa "char * restrict host"
.Fa "socklen_t hostlen"
.Fa "char * restrict serv"
.Fa "socklen_t servlen"
.Fa "int flags"
.Fc
.
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Fn getnameinfo
function is used to convert a
.Vt sockaddr
structure to a pair of host name and service strings.
It is a replacement for and provides more flexibility than the
.Xr gethostbyaddr 3
and
.Xr getservbyport 3
functions and is the converse of the
.Xr getaddrinfo 3
function.
.Pp
The
.Vt sockaddr
structure
.Fa sa
should point to a
.Vt sockaddr_in
(for IPv4),
.Vt sockaddr_in6
(for IPv6),
.Vt sockaddr_atalk
(for AppleTalk),
.Vt sockaddr_link
(for link layer),
or
.Vt sockaddr_local
(for local/unix)
structures that are
.Fa salen
bytes long.
.Pp
The host and service names associated with
.Fa sa
are stored in
.Fa host
and
.Fa serv
which have length parameters
.Fa hostlen
and
.Fa servlen .
The maximum value for
.Fa hostlen
is
.Dv NI_MAXHOST
and the maximum value for
.Fa servlen
is
.Dv NI_MAXSERV ,
as defined by
.In netdb.h .
If a length parameter is zero, no string will be stored.
Otherwise, enough space must be provided to store the
host name or service string plus a byte for the
.Tn NUL
terminator.
.Pp
The
.Fa flags
argument is formed by
.Em or Ap ing
the following values:
.Bl -tag -width Dv
.It Dv NI_NOFQDN
A fully qualified domain name is not required for local hosts.
The local part of the fully qualified domain name is returned instead.
.It Dv NI_NUMERICHOST
Return the address in numeric form, as if calling
.Xr inet_ntop 3 ,
instead of a host name.
.It Dv NI_NAMEREQD
A name is required.
If the host name cannot be found in DNS and this flag is set,
a non-zero error code is returned.
If the host name is not found and the flag is not set, the
address is returned in numeric form.
.It Dv NI_NUMERICSCOPE
For IPv6 addresses the numeric form of the IPv6 scope identifier is
returned.
This flag is ignored for non-IPv6 addresses.
.It Dv NI_NUMERICSERV
The service name is returned as a digit string representing the port number.
.It Dv NI_DGRAM
Specifies that the service being looked up is a datagram
service, and causes
.Xr getservbyport 3
to be called with a second argument of
.Li \*qudp\*q
instead of its default of
.Li \*qtcp\*q .
This is required for the few ports
.Pq 512\(en514
that have different services
for
.Tn UDP
and
.Tn TCP .
.El
.Pp
This implementation allows numeric IPv6 address notation with scope identifier,
as documented in chapter\~11 of draft-ietf-ipv6-scoping-arch-02.txt.
IPv6 link-local address will appear as a string like
.Ql fe80::1%ne0 .
Refer to
.Xr getaddrinfo 3
for more information.
.
.Sh RETURN VALUES
.Fn getnameinfo
returns zero on success or one of the error codes listed in
.Xr gai_strerror 3
if an error occurs.
.
.Sh EXAMPLES
The following code tries to get a numeric host name, and service name,
for a given socket address.
Observe that there is no hardcoded reference to a particular address family.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
struct sockaddr *sa;	/* input */
char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST], sbuf[NI_MAXSERV];

if (getnameinfo(sa, sa->sa_len, hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), sbuf,
    sizeof(sbuf), NI_NUMERICHOST | NI_NUMERICSERV)) {
	errx(1, "could not get numeric hostname");
	/*NOTREACHED*/
}
printf("host=%s, serv=%s\en", hbuf, sbuf);
.Ed
.Pp
The following version checks if the socket address has a reverse address mapping:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
struct sockaddr *sa;	/* input */
char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST];

if (getnameinfo(sa, sa->sa_len, hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), NULL, 0,
    NI_NAMEREQD)) {
	errx(1, "could not resolve hostname");
	/*NOTREACHED*/
}
printf("host=%s\en", hbuf);
.Ed
.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr gai_strerror 3 ,
.Xr getaddrinfo 3 ,
.Xr gethostbyaddr 3 ,
.Xr getservbyport 3 ,
.Xr inet_ntop 3 ,
.Xr resolver 3 ,
.Xr hosts 5 ,
.Xr resolv.conf 5 ,
.Xr services 5 ,
.Xr hostname 7 ,
.Xr named 8
.Rs
.%A R. Gilligan
.%A S. Thomson
.%A J. Bound
.%A W. Stevens
.%T Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6
.%R RFC 2553
.%D March 1999
.Re
.Rs
.%A S. Deering
.%A B. Haberman
.%A T. Jinmei
.%A E. Nordmark
.%A B. Zill
.%T "IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture"
.%R internet draft
.%N draft-ietf-ipv6-scoping-arch-02.txt
.%O work in progress material
.Re
.Rs
.%A Craig Metz
.%T Protocol Independence Using the Sockets API
.%B "Proceedings of the FREENIX track: 2000 USENIX annual technical conference"
.%D June 2000
.Re
.
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Fn getnameinfo
function is defined by the
.St -p1003.1g-2000
draft specification and documented in
.Sy "RFC 2553" ,
.Dq Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6 .
.
.Sh CAVEATS
.Fn getnameinfo
can return both numeric and
.Tn FQDN
forms of the address specified in
.Fa sa .
There is no return value that indicates whether the string returned in
.Fa host
is a result of binary to numeric-text translation
.Pq like Xr inet_ntop 3 ,
or is the result of a
.Tn DNS
reverse lookup.
Because of this, malicious parties could set up a
.Tn PTR
record as follows:
.Pp
.Dl 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR  10.1.1.1
.Pp
and trick the caller of
.Fn getnameinfo
into believing that
.Fa sa
is
.Li 10.1.1.1
when it is actually
.Li 127.0.0.1 .
.Pp
To prevent such attacks, the use of
.Dv NI_NAMEREQD
is recommended when the result of
.Fn getnameinfo
is used for access control purposes:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
struct sockaddr *sa;
socklen_t salen;
char addr[NI_MAXHOST];
struct addrinfo hints, *res;
int error;

error = getnameinfo(sa, salen, addr, sizeof(addr),
    NULL, 0, NI_NAMEREQD);
if (error == 0) {
	memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
	hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;	/*dummy*/
	hints.ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST;
	if (getaddrinfo(addr, "0", &hints, &res) == 0) {
		/* malicious PTR record */
		freeaddrinfo(res);
		printf("bogus PTR record\en");
		return -1;
	}
	/* addr is FQDN as a result of PTR lookup */
} else {
	/* addr is numeric string */
	error = getnameinfo(sa, salen, addr, sizeof(addr),
	    NULL, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST);
}
.Ed
.\".Sh BUGS
.\".Ox
.\"intentionally uses a different
.\".Dv NI_MAXHOST
.\"value from what
.\".Tn "RFC 2553"
.\"suggests, to avoid buffer length handling mistakes.