.\"	$NetBSD: main,v 1.570.2.6 2024/12/16 12:41:34 martin Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1999-2012 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.ig

	To "regenerate" this file, go up one level to src/distrib/notes
	and type "make".  This will create
	src/distrib/notes/<arch>/INSTALL.*.

	We keep most of the notes the same on HEAD and release branches,
	but some of this are not appropriate for HEAD/current. Also
	some locations differ for actual release, so we distinguish
	between:

	RELEASE_BRANCH == 1
		this is on a release branch (not -current)
	RELEASE_BRANCH == 0
		this is current, not yet branched
	FOR_RELEASE == 1
		this is an official release (will be signed and placed
		on ftp/cdn)
	FOR_RELEASE == 0
		this is a local build or a "daily" build on the build
		cluster
..
.
.tm Processing INSTALL
.
.\"	--------------------  CONFIGURATION  --------------------
.
.nr oldvers ( \n[major] - 1 )
.ie \n[FOR_RELEASE] \{\
.ds RELEASE_URL https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-\*V
.\}
.el \{\
.ie \n[RELEASE_BRANCH] \{\
.ds ftppath netbsd-\n[major]
.\} \" \n[RELEASE_BRANCH]
.el .ds ftppath HEAD
.ds RELEASE_URL https://nycdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD-daily/\*[ftppath]/latest
.\} \" !\n[FOR_RELEASE]
.nr DOC_XR 1
.ds MACHINE_LIST acorn32 algor alpha amd64 amiga amigappc arc atari
.as MACHINE_LIST " bebox cats cesfic cobalt dreamcast emips evbarm evbmips
.as MACHINE_LIST " evbppc evbsh3 ews4800mips hp300 hppa hpcarm hpcmips hpcsh
.as MACHINE_LIST " i386 ibmnws iyonix landisk luna68k mac68k macppc mipsco
.as MACHINE_LIST " mmeye mvme68k mvmeppc netwinder news68k newsmips next68k
.as MACHINE_LIST " ofppc playstation2 pmax prep rs6000 sandpoint sbmips
.as MACHINE_LIST " sgimips shark sparc sparc64 sun2 sun3 vax x68k zaurus .
.so \*[.CURDIR]/../common/macros
.
.\" Override <title> for HTML output
.if rHTML .ds title-section Installation procedure for NetBSD/\*M \*V
.Dd \*[cur_date]
.Dt INSTALL 8
.Os NetBSD/\*M \*V
.Sh NAME
.Nm INSTALL
.Nd Installation procedure for
.Nx*M .
.Sh CONTENTS
.Tc
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.
.Ss About this Document
.Pp
.
This document describes the installation procedure for
.Nx
\*V on the
.Em \*M
platform.
It is available in four different formats titled
.Pa INSTALL. Ns Ar ext ,
where
.Ar \&.ext
is one of
.Pa \&.ps , \&.html , \&.more ,
.No or Pa \&.txt :
.(tag \&.morex -offset indent
.It Pa \&.ps
PostScript.
.It Pa \&.html
.No Standard Internet Tn HTML .
.It Pa \&.more
The enhanced text format used on
.Ul
systems by the
.Xr more 1
and
.Xr less 1
pager utility programs.
This is the format in which the on-line
.Em man
pages are generally presented.
.It Pa \&.txt
Plain old
.Tn ASCII .
.tag)
.Pp
You are reading the
.Em \*[format]
version.
.
.if \n[i386]:\n[macppc]:\n[sparc]:\n[sparc64]:\n[amd64] \{\
.Ss "Quick install notes for the impatient"
.Pp
This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to
install
.Nx
\*V on a machine of the \*M architecture.
.Bl -bullet
.It
Fetch files needed to install
.Nx .
.if \n[i386]:\n[amd64] \{\
.Pp
Option 1: bootable CD-ROM images or USB images containing the
full distribution.
.Pp
These can be found
on an FTP site near you, usually located in the
.Pa /pub/NetBSD/images/
directory.
Check the list of
.Nx
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors mirrors
for details.
.Pp
Option 2: bootable CD-ROM images from
.Pa \*M/installation/cdrom/ .
.Pp
These images are bootable, but do not contain binary sets.
They are intended for network installs or system repair.
.Pa boot.iso
is for VGA console installation, and
.Pa boot-com.iso
is for installation over serial console (com0, 9600 baud).
.Pp
.\} \" amd64:i386
.if \n[i386] \{\
Option 3: boot floppy images from
.Pa \*M/installation/floppy/ .
.Pp
.Pa boot1.fs
and
.Pa boot2.fs
are floppy images for VGA console installation.
.Pa boot-com1.fs
and
.Pa boot-com2.fs
are for installation via serial console (com0, 9600 baud).
.\} \" i386
.if \n[i386]:\n[amd64] \{\
.It
The default kernel on CD-ROMs has ACPI enabled.
This is known to cause issues on a few machines which have buggy ACPI
implementations.
.Pp
To boot with ACPI disabled, interrupt the menu and enter the
.Nx
boot prompt.
Type
.Ic boot -2
to boot with ACPI disabled.
.\} \" amd64:i386
.if \n[macppc] \{\
The files depend on which model you
are using and how you plan to boot your machine.
For systems with built-in floppy drives (Open Firmware 1 or 2),
fetch the pair of boot floppy images
.Pa macppc/installation/floppy/boot1.fs
and
.Pa macppc/installation/floppy/boot2.fs ,
which include the bootloader and installation kernel.
For systems without floppy drives (most are Open Firmware 3), fetch the
bootloader
.Pa macppc/installation/ofwboot.xcf
and the installation kernel
.Pa macppc/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC_MD.gz .
If you have a CD-R, you can fetch the CD image,
.Pa NetBSD-\*V-macppc.iso .
.\}
.if \n[sparc] \{\
Fetch a CD image,
.Pa NetBSD-\*V-sparc.iso .
You need the CD to boot your system.
.\}
.if \n[sparc64] \{\
This is either a CD image
.Pq Pa NetBSD-\*V-sparc64.iso
which can be booted directly, or the installation kernel and bootloader
.Pq Pa sparc64/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz No and Pa sparc64/installation/misc/ofwboot
which can be booted from a
.Tn Solaris
or
.Nx
partition.
.\}
.if \n[macppc]:\n[sparc]:\n[sparc64] \{\
Alternatively, you may netboot the installation kernel.  This process is
covered below, in detail.
.\}
.It
The actual binary distribution is in the
.Pa \*M/binary/sets/
directory.
When you boot the install
.if \n[amd64] image or CD-ROM,
.if \n[i386] image, CD-ROM or floppies,
.if \n[macppc] kernel from floppies, hard drive, or CD-ROM,
.if \n[sparc] CD-ROM,
.if \n[sparc64] CD-ROM or installation kernel,
the installation program
can fetch these files for you (using, e.g., ftp)
if you have a network connection.
There are several other methods to get the binary sets onto
your machine.
.Pp
You will at a minimum need
.ie \n[i386]:\n[amd64] \{\
one of the kernel sets, typically
.Pa kern-GENERIC.\*[setsuffix] ,
as well as
.\}
.el \{\
the following sets:
.Pa kern-GENERIC.\*[setsuffix] ,
.\}
.Pa base.\*[setsuffix]
and
.Pa etc.\*[setsuffix] .
In a typical workstation installation you will probably want
all the installation sets.
.if \n[i386]:\n[amd64] \{\
.It
Write the boot images
.Pp
Many commercial and freeware programs are available to burn CD-ROMs.
.Pp
If installing via USB, you must first uncompress the USB image, which
is gzipped.
.if \n[amd64] \{\
Note the \*M architecture has two images, NetBSD-\*V-\*M-install.img.gz
and NetBSD-\*V-\*M-bios-install.img.gz. The latter is intended for older
hardware which is unable to boot using a hybrid MBR and GPT image.
.\}
.Dl $ Ic "gunzip NetBSD-\*V-\*M-install.img.gz"
Next, write the USB image to a USB stick/drive.
Note that this will overwrite any existing data on the device that you
specify, so double check the device before running!
On
.Ul
operating systems, use a command similar to the following,
replacing
.Pa /dev/rsd0d
with the appropriate device for your system:
.Dl # Ic "dd if=NetBSD-\*V-\*M-install.img of=/dev/rsd0d bs=32k"
On Windows, you will need to use a program such as
.Lk http://sourceforge.net/projects/win32diskimager/ "Win32 Disk Imager" ,
or
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/~martin/rawrite32 Rawrite32 .
If you have problems writing a raw image to a floppy,
the
.Ic rawrite.exe
MS-DOS program
in the
.Pa \*M/installation/misc/
directory may be of help.
.\}
.if \n[macppc] \{\
.It
If your \*M has a floppy drive, create the pair of boot floppies using
.Ic suntar
(MacOS 9),
.Ic rawrite
(Windows), or
.Ic dd
(any
.Ul
system with floppy support).  If your system has Open Firmware 3, drag
.Pa ofwboot.xcf No and Pa netbsd-GENERIC_MD.gz
to your hard drive icon (the top level of the drive, not the desktop).
If you are using the CD image, burn it now.
.\}
.if \n[sparc] \{\
.It
Make sure your sparc's CD-ROM drive is bootable.
Burn the CD.
.\}
.if \n[sparc64] \{\
.It
Burn the CD or put the installation kernel and bootloader
at the root level of a bootable
.Tn Solaris
or
.Nx
partition.
.\}
.Pp
The media you just prepared will be used to boot the installation
kernel, which contains all the tools required to install
.Nx .
.if \n[macppc] \{\
.It
Determine your machine's model, quirks, and Open Firmware version from the
.Nx*M
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/ports/macppc/models.html "Model Support webpage" .
.Pp
At present,
.Nx*M
cannot exist on the same hard drive as
.Tn Mac OS
unless you partition your disk before running the installer.
Open Firmware versions prior to 3 require a dedicated
.Nx
drive \(em you must use the entire disk,
partitioned with the installation tools.
Open Firmware version 3 cannot boot into
.Nx
on a drive partitioned with the installation tools, you must partition
your disk before running the installer, then select the
.Dq Me "Re-install sets or install additional sets"
option in the installer (selecting the
.Dq Me "Install NetBSD to hard disk"
or
.Dq Me "Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk"
options will render your drive unbootable).
If you are unsure, you may want to read the section below on
.Sx Partitioning your hard drive for NetBSD
.It
For systems with Open Firmware versions prior to 3, you may need to use
Apple's System Disk utility to enter Open Firmware and use your screen and
keyboard.
To enter Open Firmware, hold down the
.Key COMMAND-OPTION-O-F
keys after the boot chime starts, but before the chime ends.
Entering Open Firmware versions prior to 3 is usually the most frustrating
part of installation \(em you may want to read the section below on
.Sx Older Open Firmware System Preparation
.Pp
You should have the Open Firmware
.Dq Pa "0 \*[Gt]"
prompt on your screen before attempting to boot
.Nx*M .
.\}
.if \n[macppc] \{\
.It
At the Open Firmware prompt, type the command to boot.
To boot from the installation floppies, the command is
.Dq Ic "boot fd:0" .
For the install kernel and bootloader on your hard drive (Open Firmware
3), the command is
.Dq Ic "boot hd:,\eofwboot.xcf netbsd-GENERIC_MD.gz" .
.Pp
For boot CDs, the command is something like
.Dq Ic "boot cd:,\eofwboot.xcf netbsd.macppc"
(for Open Firmware 3) or
.Dq Ic "boot scsi-int/sd@3:0 NETBSD.MACPPC"
(for earlier Open Firmware versions).
You will need to use the correct case for
.Ic OFWBOOT.XCF No and Ic NETBSD.MACPPC
depending on how your version of Open Firmware interprets the ISO
file system.
You may need to replace
.Ic cd
with
.Ic "scsi/sd@3 , scsi-int/sd@3 , ata/atapi-disk ,"
or some other device alias.
You should also use the Open Firmware
.Ic dir
command to confirm that the
.Nx*M
kernel is called
.Pa NETBSD.MACPPC .
You may want to read the section below on
.Sx Open Firmware boot syntax
.\}
.if \n[macppc] \{\
.It
.Pp
PowerPC 601 machines need to use separate boot floppies 
.Pa macppc/installation/floppy/boot601_1.fs
and
.Pa macppc/installation/floppy/boot602_2.fs ,
a different kernel set
.Pa kern-GENERIC_601.\*[setsuffix] ,
and a different install kernel
.Pa netbsd-INSTALL_601.gz .
The same boot CD can be used but at the boot prompt you must specify
the 601 kernel, i.e., replace
.Ic netbsd.macppc
with
.Ic netbsd.601
.
.\}
.if \n[sparc]:\n[sparc64] \{\
.It
You will need to get to the
.if \n[sparc] OpenBoot PROM
.if \n[sparc64] OpenFirmware
.Dq Ic "ok"
prompt.
After your system first powers on and displays some initial information,
press the
.Key STOP-A
keys, or send a BREAK if you're on a serial console.
At the
.Dq Ic "ok"
prompt, type the command to boot your system into
.Nx .
.\}
.if \n[sparc] \{\
The command to boot from CD is one of the following commands (depending on
your model):
.Dq Ic b sd(,30,) ,
.Dq Ic boot sd(,30,) ,
or
.Dq Ic boot cdrom .
.\}
.if \n[sparc64] \{\
The command to boot from CD is:
.Dq Ic boot cdrom .
The command to boot the
.Nx
kernel from a
.Tn Solaris
or
.Nx
partition depends on which disk and partition it is on.
To boot from the first partition of the first (primary) disk:
.Dq Ic "boot disk:a /ofwboot -a" .
When it asks you for a kernel, specify
.Dq Ic "netbsd-INSTALL.gz"
.\}
.It
For third-party programs which are not part of the base
.Nx
distribution, you will want to explore the
.Ic pkgsrc
package management system, which contains thousands of third-party software
applications.
.El
.\}
.Ss "What is NetBSD?"
.Pp
.
The
.Nx
Operating System is a fully functional open-source operating system derived
from the University of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2),
4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources.
.Nx
runs on many different different system architectures (ports)
across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more.
The
.Nx
\*V release contains complete binary releases for most of these
system architectures, with preliminary support for the others included in
source form.
For more information please visit
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/ .
.Pp
.Nx
is a completely integrated system.
In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel,
.nh
.Nx
features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several
languages, the X Window System, firewall software
and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.
.Pp
.\" XXX Should we include some text here about NetBSD's license
.\" policies and how commercial-friendly it is?
.Nx
is a creation of the members of the Internet community.
Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes
possible,
.Nx
would not exist.
.
.if \n[FOR_RELEASE] \{\
.\" .Ss "Dedication"
.\" .Pp
.\" .
.\" .Nx
.\" \n[major].0 is dedicated to the memory of Ryo SHIMIZU, who
.\" passed away in May 2023.
.\" .Pp
.\" Ryo's technical contributions are too many to list here in full.
.\" He was a long term contributor and worked on a lot of low-level code
.\" over various architectures, from x68k to aarch64.
.\" He also worked on various out-of-tree
.\" .Nx
.\" items, like the IIJ git repository conversion.
.\" .Pp
.\" The project lost an excellent technical contributor and many
.\" of us a good friend.
.\" .Pp
.\} \"  \n[FOR_RELEASE]
.ie \n[RELEASE_BRANCH] .Ss Changes Between The NetBSD \n[oldvers] \
and \n[major] Releases
.el .Ss Changes Between The NetBSD \n[oldvers] and \
\n[major] Releases, and newer
.Pp
The
.Nx
\*V release
provides many significant changes, including support for many new
devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and
numerous userland enhancements.
The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for
production use that rivals most commercially available systems.
.Pp
.if !\n[RELEASE_BRANCH] \{ \
Please note that this build is a development snapshot, not a formal release.
You are testing the bleeding edge of
.Nx
development, and no formal or informal testing may have been done for
this snapshot (yet).
.Pp
.\} \" !\n[RELEASE_BRANCH] \{
One important new feature in this release is the support for extended
attributes and access control lists on FFS file systems.
.Pp
For new installations the installer will by default disable these features,
so the file system is compatible with older
.Nx
releases (before 10), and allow other operating systems to mount this
file systems at least in read-only mode.
.Pp
If you want a new installed file system to support extended attributes,
change the file system type from
.Dq FFSv2
to
.Dq FFSv2ea
in the partitioning menu.
You can also convert file systems later, using the
.Xr fsck_ffs 8
utility.
More details are available in
.Lk https://wiki.netbsd.org/tutorials/acls_and_extended_attributes_on_ffs "this guide" .
.Pp
If you are upgrading from a version of
.Nx -current
please also check the
.Sx "Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases" .
.PP
It is impossible to completely summarize the massive development that
went into the
.Nx
\*V release.
.ie \n[RELEASE_BRANCH] \{\
The complete list of changes can be found in
.br
.Lk "\*[RELEASE_URL]/CHANGES" CHANGES
.de showdotchanges
.  nr ominor (\\$1-1)
.  if \\n[ominor] .showdotchanges \\n[ominor]
.  nr ominor (\\$1-1)
.  br
.  Lk "\*[RELEASE_URL]/CHANGES-\n[major].\\$1" "CHANGES-\\n[major].\\$1"
..
.showdotchanges \n[minor]
.if (\n[nextminor] > \n[minor]) \{\
.  br
.  Lk "\*[RELEASE_URL]/CHANGES-\n[major].\n[nextminor]" "CHANGES-\\n[major].\n[nextminor]"
.\}
.br
which are also present in the top level directory of the
NetBSD \n[major].\n[minor] release tree.
.Pp
.
.\} \" \n[RELEASE_BRANCH]
.el \{\
The complete list of changes can be found in the following files:
.br
.Lk \*[RELEASE_URL]/CHANGES CHANGES
.br
.Lk \*[RELEASE_URL]/CHANGES.prev CHANGES.prev
.\} \" !\n[RELEASE_BRANCH]
.
.Ss "Features to be removed in a later release"
The following features are to be removed from
.Nx
in the future:
.Bl -bullet -offset indent
.It
.Xr groff 1 .
Man pages are now handled with
.Xr mandoc 1 ,
and
.Xr groff 1
can still be found in pkgsrc as
.Pa textproc/groff .
.It
.Xr pf 4 .
This packet filter is obsolete and unmaintained in
.Nx .
It will be eventually removed due to possible long-standing
security issues and lack of multiprocessor support.
New installations should use
.Xr npf 7 .
.El
.Ss "The NetBSD Foundation"
.Pp
.
The
.Nx
Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation
that devotes itself to the traditional goals and spirit of the
.Nx
Project and owns the trademark of the word
.Dq NetBSD .
It supports the design, development, and adoption of
.Nx
worldwide.
More information on the
.Nx
Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at:
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/
.br_ne 10P
.
.Ss "Sources of NetBSD"
.Pp
.
Refer to
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/ mirrors
.br_ne 10P
.
.Ss "NetBSD \*V Release Contents
.Pp
.
The root directory of the
.Nx
\*V release is organized as follows:
.Pp
.Pa .../NetBSD-\*V/
.(tag README.files
.It Li CHANGES
.ie \n[RELEASE_BRANCH] Changes between the \n[oldvers].0 and \
\n[major].0 releases.
.el Changes after the netbsd-\n[major] branch.
.if \n[RELEASE_BRANCH] \{\
.It Li CHANGES-\\n[major].0
Changes between the initial \n[major].0 branch and final release of \n[major].0.
.de showdotchanges
.  nr ominor (\\$1-1)
.  if \\n[ominor] .showdotchanges \\n[ominor]
.  nr ominor (\\$1-1)
.  It Li CHANGES-\\n[major].\\$1
Changes between the \n[major].\\n[ominor] and the \n[major].\\$1 release.
..
.if \n[minor] .showdotchanges \n[minor]
.if (\n[nextminor] > \n[minor]) \{\
.It Li CHANGES-\\n[major].\n[nextminor]
Changes after the release of \n[major].\n[minor].
.\} \" \n[nextminor] > \n[minor]
.\} \" \n[RELEASE_BRANCH]
.It Li CHANGES.prev
Changes in previous
.Nx
releases.
.if \n[FOR_RELEASE] \{\
.It Li LAST_MINUTE
Last minute changes and notes about the release.
.\} \" \n[FOR_RELEASE]
.It Li README.files
README describing the distribution's contents.
.It Pa images/
Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD.
Depending on your system, these may be bootable.
.It Pa source/
Source distribution sets; see below.
.tag)
.Pp
In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one
directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which
.Nx
\*V has a binary distribution.
.Pp
The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the
.Pa source
subdirectory of the distribution tree.
They contain the complete sources to the system.
The source distribution sets are as follows:
.(tag sharesrc
.It Sy gnusrc
This set contains the
.Dq gnu
sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff,
and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets.
.It Sy sharesrc
This set contains the
.Dq share
sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated
with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document
set; the dictionaries; and more.
.It Sy src
This set contains all of the base
.Nx
\*V sources which are not in
.Sy gnusrc ,
.Sy sharesrc ,
or
.Sy syssrc .
.It Sy syssrc
This set contains the sources to the
.Nx
\*V kernel for all architectures as well as the
.Xr config 1
utility.
.It Sy xsrc
This set contains the sources to the X Window System.
.tag)
.Pp
All the above source sets are located in the
.Pa source/sets
subdirectory of the distribution tree.
.Pp
The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files.
Except for the
.Sy pkgsrc
set, which is traditionally unpacked into
.Pa /usr/pkgsrc ,
all sets may be unpacked into
.Pa /usr/src
with the command:
.Dl # Ic "cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.\*[setsuffix]"
.Pp
In each of the source distribution set directories, there are
files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory:
.(tag SHA512 -offset indent
.It Li MD5
.Tn MD5
digests in the format produced by the command:
.br
.Ic cksum -a MD5 Ar file .
.It Li SHA512
.Tn SHA512
digests in the format produced by the command:
.br
.Ic cksum -a SHA512 Ar file .
.tag)
.Pp
The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider
range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files.
.
.so contents -----------------------------------------------
.
.
.(Note
Each directory in the \*M binary distribution also has its
own checksum files, just as the source distribution does.
.Note)
.br_ne 7P
.
.Ss "NetBSD/\*M System Requirements and Supported Devices"
.
.so hardware -----------------------------------------------
.br_ne 7P
.
.Ss "Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media"
.
.so xfer -----------------------------------------------
.br_ne 7P
.
.Ss "Preparing your System for NetBSD installation"
.
.so prep -----------------------------------------------
.br_ne 7P
.
.ie \n[mac68k] .Ss "Installing the NetBSD System (Sysinst Method)"
.el .Ss "Installing the NetBSD System"
.
.so install -----------------------------------------------
.br_ne 7P
.
.Ss "Post installation steps"
.
.so ../common/postinstall -----------------------------------------------
.br_ne 7P
.
.Ss "Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System"
.
.so upgrade -----------------------------------------------
.br_ne 7P
.
.Ss "Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases"
.Pp
.
Users upgrading from previous versions of
.Nx
may wish to bear the
following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to
.Nx
\*V.
.Pp
Note that
.Ic sysinst
will automatically invoke
.(disp
postinstall fix
.disp)
and thus all issues that are fixed by
.Ic postinstall
by default will be handled.
.Pp
In
.Nx 9
and earlier, filesystems listed in
.Pa /etc/fstab
would be mounted before non-legacy
.Ic zfs
filesystems. Starting from
.Nx 10
this order has been reversed.
.Pp
If you have ever run a version of
.Nx -current
between April 18, 2020 and September 23, 2022 (the version numbers
used in the affected time range are between 9.99.56 and 9.99.106)
your FFS file systems might have broken extended attributes stored.
.Pp
You should follow this
.Lk https://wiki.netbsd.org/features/UFS2ea/ guide
before booting the updated system multi-user for the first time.
.Pp
.Em Note that you do not need to do anything special if you never did run any affected kernel,
especially if you have never run
.Nx -current .
.Pp
The display drivers used for modern GPUs and the whole subsystem supporting
it (DRM/KMS) have been updated to a newer version.
Unfortunately not all issues with this have been resolved before the
.Nx 10.0 release.
You can find a list of issues in the
.Lk https://wiki.netbsd.org/releng/netbsd-10/ "Open issues with new DRM/KMS"
section of the release engineering wiki page.
.Pp
A number of things have been removed from the
.Nx
\*V release.
See the
.Dq Components removed from NetBSD
section near the beginning of this document for a list.
.Ss "Using online NetBSD documentation"
.Pp
Documentation is available if you installed the manual
distribution set.
Traditionally, the
.Dq man pages
(documentation) are denoted by
.Sq Li name(section) .
Some examples of this are
.Pp
.(bullet -compact -offset indent
.Xr intro 1 ,
.It
.Xr man 1 ,
.It
.Xr apropos 1 ,
.It
.Xr passwd 1 ,
and
.It
.Xr passwd 5 .
.bullet)
.Pp
The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three
are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats
are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8.
.Pp
.No The Em man
command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is
started by entering
.Ic man
.Op Ar section
.Ar topic .
The brackets
.Op \&
around the
section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is
optional.
If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the
lowest numbered section name will be displayed.
For instance, after logging in, enter
.Pp
.Dl # Ic "man passwd"
.Pp
to read the documentation for
.Xr passwd 1 .
To view the documentation for
.Xr passwd 5 ,
enter
.Pp
.Dl # Ic "man 5 passwd"
.Pp
instead.
.Pp
If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter
.Pp
.Dl # Ic apropos Ar subject-word
.Pp
where
.Ar subject-word
is your topic of interest; a list of possibly
related man pages will be displayed.
.
.Ss Administrivia
.Pp
.
If you've got something to say, do so!
We'd like your input.
There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list
server at
.Mt majordomo@NetBSD.org .
See
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/
for details.
.Pp
There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and
questions about this release.
Please send comments to:
.Mt netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org .
.Pp
To report bugs, use the
.Xr send-pr 1
command shipped with
.Nx ,
and fill in as much information about the problem as you can.
Good bug reports include lots of details.
.Pp
Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html
.Pp
There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of
each port of
.Nx .
Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/
.Pp
If
you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific
port, you probably should contact the
.Sq owner
of that port (listed
below).
.Pp
If you'd like to help with
.Nx ,
and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to:
.Mt netbsd-users@NetBSD.org .
.Pp
As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these
mailing lists.
Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere,
then mail the appropriate list about it.
If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to
those who want it.
.
.Ss Thanks go to
.
.(bullet
The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group,
including (but not limited to):
.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
Keith Bostic
Ralph Campbell
Mike Karels
Marshall Kirk McKusick
.Ed
.Pp
for their work on
.Bx
systems, support, and encouragement.
.It
The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the
.Nx
FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers.
.It
The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server
which runs the CVSweb interface to the
.Nx
source tree.
.It
The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting
the build cluster.
.It
The many organizations that provide
.Nx
mirror sites.
.It
Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats
go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people
who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool.
.It
We list the individuals and organizations
that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support
.Nx
development, and deserve credit for it at
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/donations/
(If you're not on that list and should be, tell us!
We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you
wanted to be listed.)
.It
Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into
developing
.Nx
since its inception in January, 1993.
(Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here.
If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!)
.bullet)
.
.Ss "Legal Mumbo-Jumbo"
.Pp
.
All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective owners.
.Pp
The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of
the software that we have mentioned in this document:
.Pp
.nr save_size \n[.s]
.nr save_vs \n[.v]
.ps 8
.vs 9
.Ht <font size=-1>
.(item -compact
.so ../common/legal.common -----------------------------------------------
.item)
.Ht </font>
.ps
.vs
.Ss "The End"